• Spinning Technology: Fibers are divided into natural (cotton, linen, silk, wool) and chemical (polyester, nylon, viscose, spandex)

1. Ring Spinning: The most widely‑used method. It produces compact yarn with few hairiness, yielding durable fabrics, commonly used for pure‑cotton items, shirts and bedding.
2. Open‑end Spinning: Produces coarse yarn with abundant hairiness and good wear resistance, suitable for denim, canvas and heavy‑weight T‑shirts.
3. Compact Spinning: An upgraded version of ring spinning. It generates yarn with extremely low hairiness for smooth‑surfaced fabrics, applied in high‑end shirts and knitwear.
4. Siro Spinning: Two rovings are spun together. The resulting yarn boasts high tensile strength and anti‑pilling performance, largely used for woolen fabrics and knitted outerwear.

• Weaving Technology: Converts yarn into grey fabric, categorized into woven and knitted types

Woven (Shuttle Weaving): Warp and weft yarns interlace perpendicularly, creating flat and crisp fabric surfaces

1. Plain Weave: Warp and weft yarns interlace one over, one under. Representatives: poplin, voile, canvas. Features: sturdy and wear‑resistant, relatively stiff hand feel, prone to wrinkling.
2. Twill Weave: Features diagonal texture lines. Representatives: denim, khaki, serge. Features: substantial thickness, fine luster, softer than plain‑weave fabrics.
3. Satin Weave: Long yarn floats are formed. Representatives: sateen, satin. Features: sleek and lustrous, soft, yet susceptible to snagging and fuzzing.

Knitting: Yarns interlock into loops, delivering great elasticity and softness

1. Weft Knitting: Made by circular knitting machines and flat knitting machines. Includes T‑shirt jersey, sweatshirt terry fabric and rib fabric. High cross‑directional elasticity.
2. Warp Knitting: Multiple yarns form loops simultaneously. Fabrics resist unravelling and have barely any stretch. Used for sport mesh fabric, underwear and sofa upholstery.

• Dyeing and Finishing Technology: Transforms grey fabric into colored finished fabric, determining fabric color and hand feel

Pretreatment

1. Singeing: Burns off short surface fuzz to obtain smooth fabric and reduce pilling (mandatory process for shirts).
2. Desizing: Removes weaving sizing agents to improve dye uptake.
3. Scouring: Eliminates waxy substances and impurities from cotton.
4. Bleaching: For white and light‑toned fabrics.

Dyeing Methods

1. Piece Dyeing: Dyeing whole rolls of grey fabric, delivers uniform color, applied to most garment fabrics.
2. Yarn Dyeing (Yarn‑dyed Weaving): Yarns are dyed prior to weaving. Representatives: denim, plaid fabric, striped fabric. Rich color layering yet higher costs.
3. Garment Dyeing: Completed garments are dyed to achieve vintage and worn‑out effects.

Printing Technology

1. Reactive Printing: Top choice for cotton and linen. Dyes penetrate fiber interiors with good color fastness and soft hand feel, for high‑end bedding and apparel.
2. Pigment Printing: Pigments adhere to fabric surfaces at low cost. Thick prints feel stiff and tend to fade after washing.
3. Digital Heat Transfer Printing: Mostly for chemical polyester fabrics, producing fine and vivid patterns; poorly applicable to cotton.
4. Screen Printing / Discharge Printing: For T‑shirt printing. Discharge printing destroys base colors to reveal target patterns.

• Post‑finishing Technology: Imparts special functions to fabrics, playing a vital role

1. Pre‑shrinking: Pre‑contracts fabrics to reduce garment shrinkage after washing, a must‑do process for cotton fabrics.
2. Non‑iron / Wrinkle‑resistant Finishing: Resin treatment renders cotton wrinkle‑free; drawbacks include reduced fabric strength and potential formaldehyde risks.
3. Brushing / Napping: Creates short surface fuzz for warmth, used for brushed bedding and flannel.
4. Fleecing, Polar Fleece: Knitted fabrics are brushed into fleece for warm outerwear materials.
5. Mercerization: Cotton fabric treated with strong alkali, gaining silky smoothness, luster and enhanced strength, for high‑end cotton shirts.
6. Stone Washing: Washing with chemical auxiliaries to create hazy matte and soft texture, for vintage‑styled silk and denim.
7. Water‑repellent, Oil‑repellent, Stain‑repellent Treatments: Functional coatings for outdoor jackets and workwear.
8. Moisture‑absorbing and Quick‑drying Finish: Hydrophilic modification for chemical fibers, used for sportswear fabrics.